Afghanistan from Barrier to Bridgehead: The Political Economy of Rare
2 The political economy of Afghan rare earth elements An estimated 1.4 million metric tons of REE occur in eight known loca- tions in Afghanistan. The most significant deposit is the Khanneshin carbonatite complex in Helmand province, which was 'first identified and delineated' by Soviet geologists in the 1970s (Tucker et al., 2011b, p. 1456).