The concrete mix M4 (50% USS + 50%QD) is the optimum mix for complete replacement of river sand with both sea sand and quarry dust as fine aggregate. b) The 28-day compressive strength is maximum for the M6 mix ( QD) is 40.8 ± 1.15 MPa and lowest is for M2 mix ( USS) is 29.7 ± 0.90 MPa among all excluding control mix.

Sand is a fine-grained material that is commonly used as a base for concrete and mortar, while aggregate is a larger and coarser material that is used for the structural support of concrete and asphalt. Understanding the differences between these materials is essential to ensure the success of any construction project.

Sea sand catches the fancy of most people for its advantages of large resource reserves and wide distribution. The physical properties of sea sand are similar to river sand, but their gradations are slightly different. In addition, seawater contains more impurities than fresh water [5]. Some researchers have made comparative studies …

2.1. Regulatory Framework for the Investigations. The production of concrete, the design and construction of concrete parts, the determination of properties and application rules in construction are regulated in the standard TCVN 7570:2006 "Aggregates for concrete and mortar—Specifications" [].The main requirements for …

Generally, river sand is used as fine aggregate. Due to the increase in the utilization of concrete in construction sector, the need for river sand has been increased enormously. Hence, the abundant sea sand can be used as an alternative of river sand partially.The sea sand samples before (samples A and C) and after mineral extraction were ...

river mine and sea sand as aggregate T01:12:32+00:00; Use of sea sand as fine aggregate in concrete making. Concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates or sand and water The approximate ratios of these components are as below: Based on the ratios and the anticipated cement consumption in the country, the ...

River Sand Mining Vis a Vis Manufactured Sand for Sustainability. Ramesh Murlidhar Bhatawdekar, Trilok Nath Singh, Edy Tonnizam Mohamad, Danial Jahed …

Sea sand contains chloride ions beyond the acceptable limit causes sever durability issues. Therefore, much attention is required when offshore sand is used in construction. The chloride content in the concrete is limited to 0.4% by mass of cement generally. BS 5328 Part 1 1997 specify this limit and BS 882 1992 have bit higher values …

Research on sea sand as an aggregate in concrete is an important study in present scenario. The major challenging factor for its usage is the presence of chloride level, inorganic content, shell content, aggregate shape and size of sea sand. ... On average, to the ban imposed on river sand mining. The tsunami people 'use' over 200kg of sand …

DOI: https://doi/10.24297/jac.v13i4.5661. Keywords: Fine aggregate, sea sand, minerals, concrete strength. Abstract. Sand researches around the world are in …

Abstract. This paper presents a review of the research on seawater sea-sand recycled coarse aggregate concrete (SSRAC), which offers a solution to the scarcity of river sand and freshwater while also promoting the reuse of waste concrete.

Limitations have been laid on the large scale mining of river sand from river beds. In this context there are cases of illegal mixing of sea sand with river sand. ... Fine Aggregate, sea sand, Compressive strength -----***----- 1. INTRODUCTION The boom in the construction sector is a direct result of economic growth. This rapid growth leads to ...

In this research, the mechanical and durability properties of concrete with coral sand as a fine aggregate in partial replacement of river sand (30%, 40% and 50% by sand mass) is studied. The physical, chemical and …

Sea sand was partially replaced in river sand (0% to ) for each proportion of Fine Aggregates (FA) cement concrete blocks were cast and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14 and 28 days of ...

The lack of river sand has led to the use of sea-sand and crushed stone fines in many countries, with the use of sea-sand in the UK being an example [4]. More than 90% of the world's dredged sea-sand has been used as a raw material in the construction industry, with over 45% of the dredged sea-sand being used as fine …

In Europe, key aggregate sources are crushed rock from quarries (46%), terrestrial deposits and rivers (38%), recycled aggregate (12%), and manufactured sand (2%), whereas only 2% comes from the marine environment. 114 In LMICs, however, sand, gravel, and crushed-stone mining is commonly an informal economic activity …

With the resource shortage in coastal areas, the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs. The use of seawater, sea sand, and coral aggregates in concrete mixes has become an alternative solution for coastal and marine structures, especially for offshore …

Generally river sand is used as a fine aggregate. Due to increase in the utilization of concrete in construction sector, the need for river sand has been increased enormously. Limitations have been laid on the large scale mining of river sand from river beds. In this context there are cases of illegal mixing of sea sand with river sand.

the UK industry, 'sand' refers to (noncohesive) min-. erals with a mean grain size lying between 0.63 and. 5 mm, and 'gravel' is reserved for coarser material; in. Belgium, the industry ...

Legal changes, recycled building material, crushed rock and 'ore-sand' from mining, among solutions. Geneva, 26 April 2022 – 50 billion tons: enough to build a wall 27 metres wide and 27 metres high around planet Earth. This is the volume of sand and gravel used each year, making it the second most used resource worldwide after water.

The mix proportions of marine mortars prepared in this work were listed in Table 5.The fine aggregate in the mix design of marine mortar was changed from sea sand to coral sand at replacement ratios of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 vol% by volume fraction, and the marine mortar samples were denoted by SS, CS20, CS40, CS60, CS80, and …

A significant proportion of the demand for aggregates is satisfied from river, lake, and sea beds. Our marine resources are an increasingly important alternative source of aggregates. ... Vessels trail a pipe along the marine floor at speeds approaching 1.5 knots and use powerful suction pumps to draw sand and gravel into the cargo hold ...

General guidelines for Mining gravel and sand from river in Malaysia. Following steps are taken as per guidelines: 1. Initially location of sand and gravel deposition or aggradation is identified. Mine operator is permitted to extract material where problem of aggradation is least.

The alternative fine aggregates satisfies the requirements as alternatives to river sand. • Crushed rock sand, industrial by-products and recycled fine aggregates are used as replacement of river sand. • LCA shows reduction in terms of climate change and resource depletion over river sand. • Standardization is needed for gainful utilization.

River-sand mining has risen dramatically in the last few decades to fulfil the need for concrete in the building sector. The sand in a river's bed preserves its environmental equilibrium (Farahani and Bayazidi, 2017).Excessive river-sand mining for use as fine aggregate in concrete is responsible for riverbed degradation, which causes …

The illegal extraction of river and coastal sand has been reported in as many as 70 countries. 16 In India, 'sand mafias' have taken control of sand mines and there have even been reports of murders of local community members who complained. 17 In Morocco, it is estimated that half of the country's annual extraction – 10 million cubic ...

This paper presents a review of the research on seawater sea-sand recycled coarse aggregate concrete (SSRAC), which offers a solution to the scarcity of river sand and freshwater while also promoting the reuse of waste concrete. ... river sand; M and H: sea-sand with shell content of 2.31% and 21.73% by mass, respectively; R0 and R100: r …

The challenging issue of demand for sand in concrete can be addressed by exploring alternative materials. Mechanism sand [12], aeolian sand [13], waste foundry sand [14], construction demolition waste [15], industrial by-products (such as coal ash, aged clay tailings, copper tailings) [16], [17], [18], and sea sand [19] are among the materials …

The main components of the specimens were cement, seawater, sea sand, bamboo sticks, and gravel. The use of sea sand and seawater was explained by the abundant existence of resources and lower ...

The effects of river sand mining can also be seen at the coast where the lack of sand replenishment can cause beaches and dunes to erode faster and therewith offer less protection against storm surges, tsunamis and sea level rise ( Shaghude et al., 2012 ). 5. Effects on the biological environment.